Cross-layer Energy-efficient Schemes for Multimedia Content Delivery in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

......................................................................................................................................... IX LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. XI LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................. XVI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................... XVII CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 RESEARCH MOTIVATION ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT .............................................................................................................. 3 1.3 SOLUTION OVERVIEW............................................................................................................... 4 1.4 THESIS CONTRIBUTIONS ........................................................................................................... 6 1.5 THESIS STRUCTURE .................................................................................................................. 7 1.6 CHAPTER SUMMARY ................................................................................................................ 8 CHAPTER 2: TECHNICAL BACKGROUND ...................................................................................... 9 2.1 EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS NETWORKS ..................................................................................... 9 2.1.1 Generic Overview of Broadband Wireless Networks ...................................................... 9 2.1.1.1 Brief Overview of Wireless PANs/MANs/WANs.................................................................................10 2.1.1.2 Wireless LAN.............................................................................................................................10 2.1.1.3 Wireless Mesh Networks..............................................................................................................13 2.1.2 Cellular Networks ......................................................................................................... 15 2.2 NETWORK PROTOCOLS ........................................................................................................... 20 2.2.1 Application Layer Protocols ......................................................................................... 20 2.2.2 Transport Layer Protocols ............................................................................................ 20 2.3 RICH-MEDIA CONTENT DELIVERY IN HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS NETWORKS ...................... 26 2.3.1 Multimedia Streaming ................................................................................................... 26 2.3.2 Content Delivery Quality Measurement ........................................................................ 27 2.3.2.1 QoS and QoE.............................................................................................................................27 2.3.2.2 Subjective and Objective Quality Assessment...................................................................................28 2.4 ENERGY CONSUMPTION ISSUES DURING CONTENT DELIVERY ............................................... 31 2.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. 32 CHAPTER 3: RELATED WORKS ....................................................................................................... 33 3.1 MAC-LAYER DUTY CYCLE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR WIRELESS SENSOR/MESH NETWORKS ......................................................................................................................................... 33 3.1.1 Research Approaches on MAC-layer Duty Cycle Management .................................... 33 3.1.1.1 Synchronous Duty Cycle Management Schemes................................................................................34 3.1.1.2 Asynchronous Duty Cycle Management Scheme................................................................................37 vi 3.2 QOS/ENERGY-RELATED WIRELESS MESH MAC-LAYER SCHEMES ......................................... 42 3.2.1 QoS-related Wireless Mesh MAC-layer Schemes .......................................................... 42 3.2.2 Energy-related Wireless Mesh MAC-layer Schemes ..................................................... 45 3.3 ROUTING ALGORITHMS .......................................................................................................... 46 3.3.1 Classic Routing Algorithms ........................................................................................... 46 3.3.2 Advanced Routing Algorithms ....................................................................................... 49 3.3.3 Network-layer Routing-related Research Efforts .......................................................... 51 3.4 ENERGY-AWARE MECHANISMS FOR CONTENT DELIVERY IN HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS NETWORKS ......................................................................................................................................... 53 3.4.1 Multi-path and Multi-homing Related Solutions ........................................................... 53 3.4.2 Traffic-optimization-based Solutions ............................................................................ 55 3.5 MOBILE TRAFFIC OFF-LOADING AND SMARTPHONE ENERGY OPTIMIZATION ......................... 58 3.5.1 Mobile Traffic Off-loading ............................................................................................ 58 3.5.2 Multimedia Traffic Characteristics-aware Mobile Energy Optimization ...................... 59 3.6 CHAPTER SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. 61 CHAPTER 4: ENERGY EFFICIENCY SOLUTIONS FOR WIRELESS VIDEO DELIVERY – ARCHITECTURES AND ALGORITHMS .......................................................................................... 63 4.1 MOBILE HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS NETWORK OVERVIEW ................................................. 63 4.2 AOC-MAC: ENERGY-AWARE MAC-LAYER DUTY CYCLE MANAGEMENT SCHEME FOR WIRELESS MESH NETWORKS .............................................................................................................. 66 4.2.1 AOC-MAC Architecture and Solution Overview ........................................................... 66 4.2.1.1 Communication Route State Detector.............................................................................................69 4.2.1.2 QoS-based Decision Maker...........................................................................................................70 4.2.2 AOC-MAC Algorithm .................................................................................................... 70 4.2.3 Overhead and Compleixity Analysis ............................................................................. 73 4.3 E-MESH: ENERGY-LOAD-DISTANCE-AWARE ROUTING ALGORITHM FOR WIRELESS MESH NETWORKS ......................................................................................................................................... 74 4.3.1 E-Mesh Principle .......................................................................................................... 74 4.3.2 E-Mesh Architecture ...................................................................................................... 76 4.3.2.1 Route Information Collector.........................................................................................................76 4.3.2.2 Energy-Load-Distance-based Utility Function..................................................................................77 4.3.2.3 Route Selection..........................................................................................................................78 4.3.3 E-Mesh Routing Algorithm ............................................................................................ 80 4.3.4 Overhead and Compleixity Analysis ............................................................................. 82 4.4 EMTCP: ENERGY-AWARE TRAFFIC LOAD BALANCING SCHEME FOR HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS NETWORKS ......................................................................................................................................... 83 4.4.1 eMTCP Energy Models ................................................................................................. 84 4.4.2 eMTCP Architecture ...................................................................................................... 84 4.4.2.1 Sub-flow Interface State Detector...................................................................................................86 4.4.2.2 Off-load Controller......................................................................................................................86 4.4.3 eMTCP Algorithm ......................................................................................................... 88 4.4.4 Overhead and Compleixity Analysis ............................................................................. 89 4.5 EMTCP-BT: TRAFFIC –CHARACTERISTICS-AWARE OFF-LOADING SCHEME FOR HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS NETWORKS ........................................................................................... 90 vii 4.5.1 Traffic Burstiness Level Categorization ........................................................................ 91 4.5.2 eMTCP-BT Architecture ................................................................................................ 93 4.5.2.1 Traffic Classification...................................................................................................................94 4.5.2.2 eMTCP-Oriented SISD....................................................................................................................98 4.5.2.3 Traffic-Burstiness-Aware Off-load Controller...................................................................................98 4.5.3 eMTCP-BT Algorithm ................................................................................................... 98 4.5.4 Overhead and Compleixity Analysis ........................................................................... 100 4.6 CHAPTER SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ 102 CHAPTER 5: SIMULATION-BASED TESTING: ENVIRONMENT SET-UP, SCENARIOS, TESTIING RESULTS AND RESULT ANALYSIS ............................................................................ 103 5.1 MODELS – IMPLEMENTATION AND INTEGRATION .................................................................. 103 5.2 SIMULATION-BASED TESTING ENVIRONMENT SET-UP .......................................................... 105 5.2.1 Set-up for the Wireless Mesh Network Topology ......................................................... 106 5.2.2 Set-up for the Heterogeneous Wireless Network Topology .......................................... 107 5.3 TESTING OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................. 109 5.4 AOC-MAC TESTING SCENARIOS AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS ........................................ 110 5.4.1 Impact of Traffic Data Rate on AOC-MAC Performance ........................................... 110 5.4.2 Impact of Number of Mesh Routers on AOC-MAC Performance ............................... 116 5.4.3 Impact of Mesh Router Mobility on AOC-MAC Performance .................................... 120 5.5 E-MESH TESTING SCENARIOS AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS ............................................. 123 5.5.1 Simulation-based Energy Model ................................................................................. 124 5.5.2 Simulation Settings of Mesh Router Mobility .............................................................. 124 5.5.3 Impact of Traffic Load Weight on E-Mesh Performance ............................................. 125 5.5.3.1 Impact of Traffic Load Weight on E-Mesh Performance with Static Mesh Router..................................125 5.5.3.2 Impact of Traffic Load Weight on E-Mesh Performance with Moving Mesh Router................................128 5.5.4 Impact of Remaining Energy Weight on E-Mesh Performance......... ........................ 130 5.5.4.1 Impact of Remaining Energy Weight on E-Mesh Performance with Static Mesh Router..........................131 5.5.4.2 Impact of Remaining Energy Weight on E-Mesh Performance with Moving Mesh Router.......................132 5.5.5 Impact of Mesh Router Distance Weight on E-Mesh Performance ............................. 135 5.5.5.1 Impact of Mesh Router Distance Weight on E-Mesh Performance with Static Mesh Router.....................135 5.5.5.2 Impact of Mesh Router Distance Weight on E-Mesh Performance with Moving Mesh Router.....................137 5.6 EMTCP TESTING SCENARIOS AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS .............................................. 139 5.6.1 eMTCP Testing Scenarios ........................................................................................... 139 5.6.2 eMTCP Performance Analysis .................................................................................... 142 5.7 EMTCP-BT TESTING SCENARIOS AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS ........................................ 145 5.7.1 eMTCP-BT Testing Scenarios ..................................................................................... 145 5.7.2 eMTCP-BT Performance Analysis .............................................................................. 147 5.8 CHAPTER SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ 150 CHAPTER 6: EXPERIMENTAL TESTING: ENVIRONMENT SET-UP AND TEST RESULT ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................................... 151 6.